SCI 110 Assignment 1: Applications of the Scientific Method

The scientific method is useful in problem solving and decision-making in a wide variety of fields. In this assignment, you will demonstrate how to use the scientific method to make decisions and solve problems in your field of study or everyday life.

Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

  • Explain the scientific method and describe the overall manner in which you would apply it in your field of study or everyday life.
  • Identify a specific problem often faced in your field of study or everyday life. Research your problem and assess your data / research. Examples of such problems could be:
    • Business
      • Developing a new product that is superior to competitor’s brands; or
      • Establishing a price for a new product using the law of supply and demand;
    • Information Systems and Technology
      • The use of personal electronic devices for work purpose, or
      • Determining in the most cost-effective computer for your business;
    • Criminal Justice
      • The reliability of eyewitness testimony, or
      • Determining what evidence is revealing to you about a crime;
    • Everyday life
      • Selecting a particular brand of detergent, or
      • Determining the most cost efficient transportation/route for your commute.
  • Propose one (1) testable hypothesis to explain / solve the problem. State the expected outcomes of your actions and include criteria for determining whether or not these actions would succeed. Note: Your hypothesis should be stated very precisely.
  • Describe the main actions that you intend to put into place to test your hypothesis that you proposed in Question 3. Describe the way in which you would evaluate the success of your program. Include the results that you would deem as a success and the results that would be considered a failure.
  • Discuss the wisdom behind the strategy you used to test the hypothesis from Question 4, and describe the additional steps you might take depending on the results of your test. Note: These additional steps might be to revise your original hypothesis (if the results were unsatisfactory) or to propose new hypotheses. The goal is to continuously improve your understanding of the factors influencing your outcomes, to be able to achieve greater results over time. 
  • Use at least two (2) quality resources / references in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and personal blogs do not qualify as quality resources. The body of the paper must have in-text citations that correspond to the references. Integrate all sources into your paper using proper techniques of quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing, along with proper use of in-text citations to credit your sources.

Your report must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

 
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Epidemiology case study

Please use sources provided to complete this case study. Also please use proper citations and list all sources.

Case Study-Teen Suicide

This case study is from the Cases in Population-Oriented Prevention (C-POP) series authored by Lloyd F. Novick, MD, MPH, Don Cibular, PhD, and Sally M. Sutphen, MSc, MPH.

Part of the case study is below. You may access the entire PDF document entitled, Adolescent Suicide Preventionopens in a new window, in Google Scholar.

ADOLESCENT SUICIDE:

In the United States, mental disorders collectively account for more than 15 percent of the burden of disease for all causes that is slightly more than the burden associated with all forms of cancer. In children and adolescents, the most frequently diagnosed mood disorders are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder. The incidence of suicide attempts reaches a peak during the mid-adolescent years (14-17 years of age). Mortality from suicide increases steadily throughout the teenage years and is the third leading cause of death for that age. In 1996, 82 billion dollars were spent on treatment of mental health services. 1

Between April 1998 and April 2002, five people died after falling or jumping at a large shopping mall in Syracuse, New York. Three of the individuals were adolescents or young adults (17-20 years old).

The mall consists of seven levels with a large open atrium. Each of the levels has a railing approximately four feet high that functions as a barrier to prevent an individual from jumping or falling to the bottom of the main atrium. Of the five individuals noted above, three jumped from the third level (Cinema Floor); one fell or jumped from the second level; and one fell off an escalator railing. Details of the circumstances in each of these cases are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Case histories for five individuals who jumped or fell to their death at a mall in Syracuse adapted from records from the Onondaga County Health Department, 1998-2002

Case

Scene

Cause of Death

Past History

45 yo female

  • Jumped from 3rdfloor

Multiple injuries due to fall from height

  • History of psychiatric problems including bipolar disorder and prior suicide attempts, was under treatment at the time of death
  • Marital problems

17 yo male

  • Jumped from 3rdfloor
  • Was impaired by drugs at time of death
  • Landed on a table on the basement level where a 10-12 yo boy was eating. The impact shattered the table and injured the patron.

Multiple injuries due to fall from height

  • History of over-the-counter drug abuse including cold preparations and anti-motion sickness medications
  • Apprehended on the day of death for shoplifting
  • Recent tension with mother about drug use
  • No prior history of depression or suicidal ideation

49 yo female

  • Jumped from 3rdfloor after asking about access to higher floors
  • Witness screamed “No” but case jumped without speaking

Multiple injuries due to fall from height

  • History of depression and suicidal ideation
  • Recent loss of step-mother, financial concerns and stress at work

19 yo male

  • Lost balance on escalator railing, falling 28 feet
  • Appeared intoxicated prior to death

Multiple injuries due to fall from height

  • No data available

20 yo female

  • Leaned over backwards on 2ndfloor, fell off.
  • Brain matter was widely scattered
  • There were numerous witnesses, several of whom were referred for mental health counseling

Multiple injuries due to fall from height

  • History of major psychotic illness, discharged from local hospital the day prior to death
Questions:
  1. For each death, indicate if the death should be classified as a suicide.
  2. What criteria (major and minor) were used in your determination of the above?
  3. Is this situation (suicide at a public mall) a public health matter?
  4. Would you consider preventive interventions for this situation? If so, what methods would you employ?
  5. Are deaths from suicides preventable?

Please review Table 2 below on completed adolescent suicides in Onondaga County residents from January 1993-Present, and then answer the following questions.

Table 2: Completed Adolescent Suicides in Onondaga County,

January 1993-Jan 2004

Table 2

Data Source: Medical Examiner’s Office, Onondaga County Health Department, 2004

Questions:
  1. Identify biases in the reporting data in completed suicides.
  2. Comment on age, gender, time, and method of these suicides.
  3. What are possible explanations for the gender difference?
  4. Define “risk factor” for a health condition or disease.
  5. What risk factors have been identified for adolescent suicide?

In 1999, the Onondaga County Health Department (OCHD) performed a study of adolescent suicide attempts. The objective of this study was to obtain information on all children and adolescents (up to 19 years of age) presenting to hospital emergency departments with suicide attempt or ideation. All four Syracuse hospital emergency departments, one of which has a specific mission to respond to mental health emergencies (the Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program), participated in the study.

For each visit meeting the inclusion criteria requirement (see Table 3 below), a health care provider at the emergency department collected information using a uniform instrument. Information was obtained about the patient, time and place of the attempt, method used, perceived threat to life, and patient’s disposition.

During the one-year period, 266 visits were investigated. Of these, 156 were described as suicide attempts and 110 were described as suicidal ideation. The results of this study are provided in Figures 1-8 (There is no Figure 3). For the following questions, please refer to these figures.

Table 3: Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project: Inclusion Criteria for any adolescent (<19 yo ) who presents to the Emergency Department with:

table 3

*Could be suspected by another person (family member, friend, teacher, etc.) or by health care provider’s intuition

Data Source: Onondaga County Health Department

Questions:
  1. Provide an operational definition of “suicide attempt” and “suicidal ideation.”
  2. Using the raw numbers (in brackets), comment on age distribution of attempted suicide/suicide ideation cases (Figure 1). Are younger children in this study more likely to have only suicidal ideation (versus actual attempts?) Does this surprise you?
  3. List possible explanations for the peak of suicide reports in August through October 1999 (Figure 2).
  4. Comment on the gender distribution of attempted suicide/suicide ideation cases (Figure 4). How does this distribution differ from that described for the completed suicides?
  5. Describe the relationship between drug/alcohol abuse and suicide attempts/suicidal ideation (Figure 5). What are the shortcomings of the data in making conclusions about these factors?
  6. How does the distribution of methods used in the suicide attempts compare with the distribution of methods described for the completed suicides (Figure 6)?
  7. How do health care professionals judge how dangerous different methods of suicide are (Figures 6 and 7)?
  8. Please refer to Figure 8 showing patient disposition by attempt status. List the factors that are important in determining the appropriate follow-up of an adolescent presenting to an emergency department following a suicide attempt. How would you determine whether a patient should be hospitalized?

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that evidence was insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening of children or adolescents for depression. They noted that up to 2 percent of children and 4.5 percent of adolescents in primary care settings suffer from depression and that clinicians should be alert for possible signs of depression in younger children. Research involving children and adolescents that is currently in progress at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) will hopefully add to this evidence base. 2

Schaffer and Craft of Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute have reported on using systematic screening with a self-administered unit for predictors of suicide in a high school population in New York City. 3

Screening for mood changes, depression, suicide ideation, and substance abuse may be an important tool to identify adolescents at risk for suicide. A self-administered screening test addressing questions of mood (feeling unhappy or sad), anger, temper, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse can be employed. Students who have a positive score on this test are referred for a formal diagnostic interview by a trained mental health professional (e.g. clinical psychologist or psychiatrist) who then makes the diagnostic and risk determination as well as the decision to refer the student for treatment. In this situation, the screening test is the self-administered tool to the high-school population while the diagnostic test (“gold standard”) is formal interview by the mental health professional.

In the following hypothetical example, 1000 students are screened with a self-administered instrument in urban high schools in Syracuse. Students who screen positive (mood disturbances, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse, etc…) are referred to a mental health professional who then establishes the diagnosis. The results are as follows:

Condition*

Present Absent

image 4

*as established by the diagnostic interview

Questions:
  1. Calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of this screening test.
  1. Sensitivity: ________
  2. Specificity: ________
  3. Positive Predictive Value: ________
  4. Negative Predictive Value: ________
  5. List the possible problems associated with this type of screening procedure in the school setting. Are there methods to overcome these limitations?

The current cost of this screening procedure is $20 per student screened (Step 1). For students who have a positive screening test, an additional cost of approximately $75 per student is incurred for the diagnostic interview with a mental health professional (Step 2).

Refer to the information below for the number of middle and high schools in Onondaga County and their respective enrollment.

SCHOOL AND STUDENT POPULATION INFORMATION*

Onondaga County, New York, 2000–2001 Academic Year

Total number of High Schools: 20

Total High School Population (Grades 9-12): 24,982

Range of school size: 292- 2,900 students

Total number of Middle Schools 24

Total Middle School Population: 19,946

Range of school size: 58- 1,690 students:

*Data Source: Onondaga County Madison (OCM) Boces, NYS Department of Education

  1. Will you advise the local school board to adopt this screening method as a preventive intervention to reduce adolescent suicide in the entire middle and high school population in Onondaga County? (List the considerations in making this decision.)
  2. Do you advise applying this screening procedure in pilot or demonstration schools?

An important component in developing a sustainable screening program is determining the effectiveness of the program. An effective screening program should significantly reduce adverse outcomes such as morbidity and mortality in the at-risk population.

  1. How would you proceed to evaluate the effectiveness of this suicide screening method? With whom would you collaborate?
  2. Describe the study intervention that you would test (specifics of screening program).
  3. What outcomes would you select to measure?
  4. What types of study designs are most commonly used to determine the effectiveness of screening interventions?
  5. Frequent concerns facing researchers in the process of designing a study include statistical power and selection bias. How would you address these in your study?
  6. Taking all of the above factors into account, what study design would you select to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly adopted screening method to decrease the risk of adolescent suicide in your middle and high school population?

References:

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999.
  2. Screening for Depression. Recommendations and Rationale. May 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/depression/de…
  3. Shaffer D, Craft L. Methods of Adolescent Suicide Prevention. J Clin Psych; 1999: 60:70-74.

Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY

Figure 4: Emergency Department Visits for Suicide Attempts or Suicidal Ideation, by Gender 12/98- 12/99 (n=266)

Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY

Figure 5: Reported Visits for Suicide Attempts and Ideation by Drug and Alcohol Use, 12/1/98 – 12/31/99

Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY

Data Source for both figures TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY

Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY

Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, N Y

 
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Childhood violence

Childhood violence

  • It should include historical and background issues as well as information on pertinent crisis intervention strategies and tactics.
  • Must use APA style for the bibliography section.
  • Write a 10-page term paper.
  • 8.5 inch x 11 inch paper.
  • The paper MUST include in text- Citation.
  • The paper requires a “cover sheet” with a) title of the paper, b) the student’s name and the c) department’ name and d) course number.
  • The paper must have five to ten primary references.
  • Spelling, punctuation, grammar, originality, and appropriate use of citations are essential.

Paper format should be:

  • Title
  • Abstract- one paragraph
  • -Introduction/ background: give story, what the paper is actually about. Specific case!
  • The rest of the paper should be bodies that discuss the interventions.
  • ½ page conclusion
  • references
 
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SFTY335 ERAU Module 5 Aircrafts Maintenance Requirements Case Study

The case study should be a minimum of 1,000 words and any references must be in the current APA format. You shall write the case study using the report format listed below.

Report format:

  • Front cover with name and detail of work
  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Summary
  • References
  • Appendices (calculations)
  • APA format
  • Times New Roman – 12 point font and double lined space

All the details are in the attancted documents

 
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fredicindajones@yahoo.com

Debbie Vestica decided to look for a new job on a day that should have been filled with joy. She had just completed a master’s degree in nursing and had been given a substantial increase in pay, along with new benefits. Other factors, however, greatly diminished the reward she had just received.

Debbie began working as a nurse in a local pediatric physician’s medical group. Three doctors and three nurses made up the medical staff. Two of the nurses completed training at the licensed practical nurse (LPN) level, while Debbie held the rank of registered nurse (RN). Due to this difference in educational attainment, Debbie was expected to supervise the other two nurses. The problem she faced was that the two nurses often treated her more as a peer, or even as a subordinate, rather than as a supervisor.

To complicate matters, the two LPNs had been on staff for four and five years, respectively, while Debbie had only been employed by the organization for two years. Still, when hired, she was told to assume a supervisory role. At first, Debbie chose not to confront the two more experienced nurses, hoping that over time she would be able to manage them more effectively by not trying to use forceful or directive tactics.

One year later, Debbie discovered that although her pay was slightly above average for RNs in the area, her pay differential with the LPNs was only $3 per hour. She earned $30 per hour ($60,000 per year), whereas the LPNs earned $27 per hour ($54,000 per year). Their pay ranked them above nearly all LPNs in the state. Given the additional duties she was expected to complete, Debbie found the pay differential to be unsatisfactory.

After two years on the job, Debbie began a master’s program designed to achieve the designation of clinical nurse specialist with an emphasis in children’s health. She devoted considerable time and money to obtaining the degree, although the physician’s group did contribute 50% of her tuition and book costs.

On graduation day, Debbie met with the three physicians. They all generously praised her efforts and promised her a new status level that included having her own office in the complex. They also granted her a raise of $7 per hour, raising her annual salary to $74,000, in return for additional duties and responsibilities.

The turning point occurred when Debbie overheard the two LPNs talking in the office break room. Upon finding out about Debbie’s new pay raise and status, the LPNs confronted the three physicians, demanding an additional increase in pay as well. Sensing a major confrontation, the physicians had decided to raise the pay of the two by $5 per hour, to $32 per hour or $64,000 per year. That amount was higher than what Debbie had earned as an RN and as an RN attending graduate school. Believing that she would never receive the proper pay differential that she deserved in this practice, Debbie decided it was time to seek employment elsewhere.

  1. Use Herzberg’s two-factor theory to explain Debbie’s level of motivation.
  2. Use Adams’s equity theory to explain Debbie’s decision to look for work elsewhere.
  3. Use Vroom’s expectancy theory to explain this situation.
  4. If you were advising the three physicians in the organization, what would you tell them they should have done when confronted by the two LPNs? Defend your advice.
 
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Discussion 4.2: Reimbursement and the Employer

Although MCOs are responsible for contracting with providers to deliver services to their members, MCOs have various networks they offer to their employer group customers to achieve different goals, like local/national networks, cost control, limited/expansive access… There are costs associated with each of these options, whether a higher or lower cost. If you are working for an employer in making the health care purchasing decisions:

  • What options do employers have for compensating providers?
  • What role does reinsurance play in provider reimbursement?
  • What limitations exist (e.g., state or federal laws)?
  • Provide examples to support your ideas.

Please cite references in your post which should be 150-200 words.

 
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Balanced Scorecard

From a strategic management perspective, explain four advantages that the application of the balanced scorecard could result in for a healthcare organization. In your paper, be certain to include one of the most important benefits: how it can be a means of focusing attention on strategy implementation.

Support your paper with a minimum of five scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.

Length: 5-7 pages, not including title and reference pages

Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.

 
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Common causes of patient falls, health & medical homework help

Your written assignment for this module is a worksheet that describes the following:

  • Common causes of patient falls
  • Actions to prevent falls from occurring

You should be using complete sentences to answer the questions. Ensure that you are using correct grammar. In addition, support your answers using your textbook, course materials, credible internet resources, and scholarly journals. SkyScape is a great suggestion for assistance in completion of this assignment. All citations must be in APA format.

Worksheet is attached

 
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bio lap one page

BIO 140 Medicine Man Laboratory Prof. Edwards

Students are to sign out and watch the DVD Medicine Man inside the library. After viewing the movie construct a one page overview to include a brief review of the movie and the importance of what the story line was trying to relay to the viewer. The paper shall have 1 inch borders, 11 point Times Roman font, and double space lines

https://youtu.be/-vho6dhiIek

 
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Discuss the implications of memory being stored throughout the body

All answers must be between 100 and 200 words, not including citations, and include a minimum of one reference to the PowerPoint presentation. Other resources are encouraged, as long as they are cited.

  1. Question1: Discuss the implications of memory being stored throughout the body. Include the possible mechanisms of this process and the implications for our mental health.
  2. Question 2: Discuss the importance of smell being a very primitive sense. Include in your discussion the mechanics of odor reaching the brain and how our sense of smell plays a role in emotions.
  3. Question 3: We experience the world through our senses. Discuss the mechanics of how this happens and what it means for our ability to change our view of the world.
  4. Question 4: Why was the discovery of endorphins that attach to opiate receptors so important?
 
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